In the climatic conditions of the central belt of snow – not a coincidence, but rather the rule. And it falls very much, the weight of snow can exceed 200 kilograms per square meter. Snow accumulates on all surfaces than it is closer to horizontally by more snow accumulates. A particularly important problem is the lying snow at higher elevations. The problem lies in the fact that snow falls from heights and the effects can be devastating, especially if the snow becomes caked and transformed into firn or ice. In urban areas these hills are the rooftops. Educate yourself with thoughts from Martin O’Malley.

Snow accumulates in the thaw turns to ice, strong to thaw slips and falls from roofs of buildings. If you are not convinced, visit rusty holzer. Risk are people and property. Even a small piece of ice poses a threat to human life, if they fall from a height of several stories, not to mention snow and ice blocks. Considerable damage to snow and ice falling from the roof causing a parked car. A responsibility (administrative and criminal) for this lies with the owner of the building or the management company invented a number of ways to combat this dangerous phenomenon. Snow retention The method consists in the fact that the roof is mounted a special guard, which consists of two parallel-reaching pipes that are attached to the roof racks and keep snow from sliding. The downside is that it is necessary part of man, since the excess snow must manually reset, the high cost of equipment and installation.

People roof maintenance service periodically mechanically roof. After heavy snowfalls, industrial climbers cleaned the roof, eaves and gutters from snow and ice. Disadvantage – not always achieved the desired speed, yet the high price. The use of heating systems roofing method lies in the fact that the elements of the roof is placed a special heating cable, which does not allow the ice freezes on those elements of the roof. Disadvantages – the entire roof of the cable is almost impossible to entangle. High cost. Requires human intervention. The use of protective screens and catching nets. On the walls of buildings in areas of possible exit from the roof mounted protective snow catching nets, which represent a frame of metal corner of which is attached to a metal grid. Chunks of ice, snow and any other items held in the fall netting. Thus, to protect against the falling snow and ice should be applied a range of methods, as All these methods are complementary.

Brick – one of the most common materials traditionally used in the construction of buildings and structures. Technology brickwork gives architects and designers unlimited possibilities for the realization of creative ideas. Providing protection from external factors, having a high fire resistance and relatively low thermal conductivity, brick determines the high level of safety and comfort as residential and industrial buildings. By appointment brick construction and is divided into front (facing, front). Building bricks used for the internal rows of masonry for external or series, but with subsequent plaster. Facing bricks – a uniform color, has two smooth, flat surface of the face (so-called 'poke' and 'stretcher'). It is used for interior decoration is known that the brick is 'red' and 'white' – they differ composition. Red brick is mostly made of clay and is called 'ceramic' white – sand and lime.

A mixture of the latter was called 'silicate' and, hence, calcium silicate bricks. Silicate brick in shape, size and main purpose is no different from clay bricks. sand-lime brick of high quality must meet the following specifications: First, take into account the compressive strength. For sand-lime brick he is 15 – 20 MPa. In characterizing the strength of bricks marked with the letter 'M' indicating the degree of safety (M100, M125, M150, etc.).

When construction is necessary to consider this option, ie, for the construction of 2 – 3 storey cottage is suitable brick and M100 grade, but in the construction of bearing walls high-rise buildings make better use of the brand and M150 above. Second, the average density of the brick must be 1300 kg / cu.m. Third, the frost of silica brick is 15 and higher cycles to central Russia is best to choose a brick with a frost 35 – 50 cycles. Fourth, the maximum temperature of application should not exceed 550 C. Prices for sand-lime brick depend primarily on its technical characteristics, and hence on the quality. Therefore, buying a brick, always ask the seller license, because the brick quality will not only provide a good appearance of the building a few years, but its safety, strength. silicate brick masonry with good use of load-bearing walls and partitions of different, but strictly forbidden to use it in laying the foundations put stoves, fireplaces, pipes, sockets, etc. A definite plus silica brick in front of the ceramic is its high sound insulation performance that is important in the construction or interior walls mezhkvartirnyh. Techno-economic indicators sand-lime brick clay brick superior. Required to produce it in 2 times less fuel is 3 times less energy is 2.5 times less labor intensity of production, ultimately the cost of sand-lime brick is 25-35% less than clay. Silicate brick can be solid and hollow. Hollow brick and lighter due to this reduced pressure on the foundation. In addition, it has a lower thermal conductivity, so walls of a brick can be made thinner without compromising the thermal insulating characteristics. The use of brick with holes makes it possible to build in the usual way, with improved thermal properties, reduce labor costs, reduce the number of species of silica brick is very broad. If the mixture in the manufacture of silica bricks are added weatherproof, alkali-resistant pigments, then we color sand-lime brick. This is a silicate brick sandstone stained (range of colors can even include yellow, green and blue), a brick is usually used as a facing. Produced as a porous silicate brick and sandstone hollow, hollow brick / sandstone with a texture and so cleaved

For manual arc welding electrodes with a thick layer covering the chemical reactions between metal arc gases and slag flow at 2100-2300 C in a time of transition drops of molten metal through the electrode and cover arc gap. Further physical and chemical processes occur in the weld pool. The main chemical reaction during welding under flux occur only under a layer of molten flux in the welding bath. Consider key reaction in the weld zone of steel, as the most popular metal that is to be welded. Oxidation. In the area of welding, oxygen is the most harmful impurity, so as to oxidize the elements that are part of the metal seam, and degrades its quality, forming chemical compounds – oxides. Oxidation of the elements, usually occurs due to oxygen contained in the slag and gas welding zone.

Oxidation to a lesser extent may be due to oxygen surface base metal oxides (rust, scale). If you accidentally drop increasing the arc length of the electrode metal can be oxidized by oxygen in ambient air. The oxidation of initially formed ferrous oxide, which in the future under certain conditions (the ratio of oxygen and iron in the weld pool, temperature) can move into mixed oxide and iron oxide. During the welding process in the oxidation of iron main importance of iron oxide, as soon as it is able to dissolve in the liquid metal. When the oxygen content in the steel reaches 0,035%, from the solution begins to stand out excess oxygen to form iron oxide and located between the grains of the metal. Chemical reactions in the welding area are not up to the end and to a certain equilibrium between the reaction products and starting materials. The equilibrium state is characterized by simultaneous presence in the reaction zone as a free metal and its oxide at the designated ratios. The equilibrium state depends primarily on the concentration of the reactants in the reaction zone pressure and temperature.

The equilibrium state is determined by the equilibrium constant. Concentrations of the reactants determine only the direction of the reaction. The possibility of this reaction is due to chemical affinity of participating agents, in this case, the affinity for oxygen. In the presence of a base metal multiple items, they begin to oxidize all the time, but those elements whose affinity for oxygen at a given temperature greater than would be oxidized intensively and thoroughly. In the first place when welding steel oxidized iron, which is the main component. Other components are oxidized more rapidly than larger chemical affinity this component with oxygen. By reducing the degree of chemical affinity with oxygen, the components can be placed in the following order: aluminum, titanium, silicon, manganese, chromium, molybdenum, iron, nickel, copper. Carbon in increasing the temperature enhances the activity of oxygen and at 1700 C exceeds its activity titanium, and at 2100 C, aluminum. With decreasing in the reaction zone, the concentration of the components that have high affinity for oxygen, the rate of oxidation decreases. Appropriately increasing the rate of oxidation of other elements with lower affinity to oxygen, which begin to burn more intensely as long as their concentration is not drops to an equilibrium and will not end the oxidation. This process of successive increases the rate of oxidation of individual elements extending to as long as the concentration of all elements will not match equilibrium, after which the oxidation of the metal in the weld pool to an end.